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Claire Malone: The missing 96 percent of the universe | TED

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Claire Malone: The missing 96 percent of the universe | TED

TED 06.08.2021 78 328 просмотров 2 646 лайков обн. 18.02.2026

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We've misplaced the building blocks of the cosmos -- and particle physicists like Claire Malone are on a mission to find them. Despite scientists hitting a "major snag" in uncovering what exactly makes up dark matter and dark energy, she explains how questioning our fundamental understanding of nature itself invites a different, more meaningful perspective universally. Visit http://TED.com to get our entire library of TED Talks, transcripts, translations, personalized talk recommendations and more. The TED Talks channel features the best talks and performances from the TED Conference, where the world's leading thinkers and doers give the talk of their lives in 18 minutes (or less). Look for talks on Technology, Entertainment and Design -- plus science, business, global issues, the arts and more. You're welcome to link to or embed these videos, forward them to others and share these ideas with people you know. Become a TED Member: http://ted.com/membership Follow TED on Twitter: http://twitter.com/TEDTalks Like TED on Facebook: http://facebook.com/TED Subscribe to our channel: http://youtube.com/TED TED's videos may be used for non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons License, Attribution–Non Commercial–No Derivatives (or the CC BY – NC – ND 4.0 International) and in accordance with our TED Talks Usage Policy (https://www.ted.com/about/our-organization/our-policies-terms/ted-talks-usage-policy). For more information on using TED for commercial purposes (e.g. employee learning, in a film or online course), please submit a Media Request at https://media-requests.ted.com

Оглавление (13 сегментов)

0:00 Intro 12 сл.
0:18 The 3D glasses analogy 218 сл.
1:51 Who is Claire Malone 143 сл.
3:00 The Standard Model 220 сл.
4:42 Writing 110 сл.
5:31 Standard model 98 сл.
6:19 Dark energy 78 сл.
7:03 The missing 96 82 сл.
7:41 Finding the missing particles 90 сл.
8:27 Large Hadron Collider 202 сл.
10:05 Conservation of energy 133 сл.
11:11 Being open to different perspectives 106 сл.
12:00 Conclusion 91 сл.

Intro

Transcriber: Have you ever taken your 3-D glasses off at the cinema?

The 3D glasses analogy

The picture looks blurry and it can be difficult to see exactly what is happening. This is because 3-D glasses trick our brain into forming a 3-D image by controlling the color of the light that each sees using a different filter in each lens. You could say sometimes seeing things from a different perspective can make them look clearer and easier to understand. This is exactly the approach that has helped me with my research, looking to answer some of the most fundamental questions we have about our universe. To put this in a different context, I could see some people finding my voice difficult to understand due to my cerebral palsy as an insurmountable barrier to giving a TED Talk. Even if I saw that there are alternative ways for people who have difficulties with communication to speak to an audience, I could be put off from using them, thinking that this dry computerized voice has no life in it and would put you all to sleep within five minutes. Alternatively, I could see the dodgy female British synthesized voice as something to be embraced, pepper this talk with jokes and gags, sometimes at the poor communication aid's expense, and hopefully make you laugh and keep you engaged with what I want to tell you about.

Who is Claire Malone

Luckily for you, I have chosen the second option. And what do I want to tell you about? I'm here to tell you that we have completely misplaced 96 percent of the entire universe, everything in existence. That's an awful lot of missing socks. I am a particle physicist analyzing data from the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Switzerland to answer the most fundamental questions about our universe. At school, I was the archetypal geeky kid just wanting to get the other lessons done to get into the science lab. My work now focuses on what I truly believe is one of the greatest achievements of scientific research in the last century. A scientific model that describes the properties and behavior of all the known particles in the universe. And as particle physicists have no imagination, we call it the Standard Model.

The Standard Model

For me, having one model with so much power is as close as science gets to describing nature at its most basic level. When I first heard about the Standard Model, it really blew my mind and gave me the passion to focus on my studies in physics. But I also knew that I would have to think about them a little differently to my fellow students. For example, I had to demonstrate in examinations that I had understood the practical techniques that I had been taught. Due to my disability, I don't have enough control of my hands to be able to pick up laboratory equipment and use it. So I had to effectively borrow someone else's hands. I practiced giving extremely detailed instructions to my assistant about how to use the equipment in order to perform the experiment. Seeing experiments from the perspective of a series of instructions that I had to give as clearly as possible really helped me get into the mindset I needed to understand how I could perform well in my practicals, which I did. Recognizing that I was able to look at such issues in a different way, helped me to find the tenacity to persevere with mastering the practical side of my scientific studies rather than letting my physical limitations stop me.

Writing

Now, my research with the Large Hadron Collider involves me writing a lot of code to analyze the data used to study the standard model. I dictate what I would like my assistants to type, as typing it for myself would be too slow and effortful. It does take a slightly different mindset to speak your work rather than write it, especially when all the education you receive is aimed at people who can quickly scribble things down. However, I have found that telling myself that I am doing basically the same actions as everyone else has helped me to understand how to proceed in pursuing my passion for physics.

Standard model

Now, you know how I do my research. Let's get back to my favorite model and hopefully yours after this talk, because unfortunately, we have a bit of a major snag. The Standard Model only describes four percent of the universe. To understand why, you have to look at how fast galaxies are spinning. Newton's laws tell us that they would simply fly apart if there wasn't some other kind of massive substance within them to bring them together. This missing mass is called dark matter, and we observe that it accounts for 23 percent of the universe.

Dark energy

So what about the rest? Well, the discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating rather than decelerating due to gravitational attraction, points to the existence of a force acting against gravity. We call this force dark energy, and it accounts for the remaining 73 percent of the universe. Neither dark matter nor dark energy are included in the Standard Model. So there is a staggering 96 percent of the universe that we know absolutely nothing about.

The missing 96

Therefore, it turns out that my favorite model, that I thought could describe every particle in the universe, isn't as all encompassing as I initially thought. So is there a way to look at the particles that are already described by the Standard Model differently in order to discover these absent particles? You might think that we would be racking our brains to design detectors that could produce some kind of photograph of these elusive particles to prove that they are there.

Finding the missing particles

Surely if you want to find something that's missing, that's the general approach you have to take, right? Wrong. We actually just have to accept the fact that these missing particles are not going to interact with our detectors, whatever we do. But that's not game over. In the same way that I didn't give up on being able to do laboratory experiments myself, but instead used someone else's hands, we use the particles that we can detect to spy on the particles that we think are there but hiding.

Large Hadron Collider

At the Large Hadron Collider, we accelerate particles to speeds very close to the speed of light such that they smash into each other and release enormous amounts of energy. We use protons that are found in the atoms that comprise all the matter that we see around us, including you and me. However, it is when these protons collide head on that the really interesting physics happens. Such colossal amounts of energy are released that particles that are fundamentally different from the protons that we began with are created. It's a bit like if you smashed two apples against each other, expecting them to turn into something completely different, like a pile of cherries. Using extremely sophisticated detectors, we are able to tell what kinds of particles have been made, but only the types we already know about. So how are we going to find these other mysterious particles? Fortunately, a fundamental law of nature comes to our rescue and allows us to study these particle collisions from a different perspective. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred. If you add up the energy of the particles before and after the collision, you would find that they are equal.

Conservation of energy

We know the energy of the protons entering the collision and we make very sensitive measurements of the energy of the particles that come out. If those two energies are not identical, alarm bells start to ring. Perhaps one of the principles that underpin our understanding of nature, conservation of energy, is incorrect. Or as everyone is hoping, the missing energy could have been stolen by particles that elude our detectors and could help us answer some of the most fundamental questions we have in physics today. Now, I know what you are going to ask me. Have you found the missing particles yet? Sadly, we haven't. Some people might see this as a reason to lose hope that we are ever going to fully understand the basic building blocks of the cosmos.

Being open to different perspectives

However, I believe that this is perhaps the most exciting time to be conducting fundamental physics as we have so much left to discover. But aside from thinking about some of the most exciting questions in science, I find that being open to seeing a situation from a different perspective is most meaningful when applied on a personal scale. It encourages you to seek out the positive in each person and situation, no matter how difficult, and use it to bring out not only our own potential, but that of those around us. I feel this is something we could all benefit from at the moment.

Conclusion

It doesn't always mean that you will find what you're looking for right away or that it will be easy. But for me, this mindset helped me get where I am today, and it keeps me going. Looking at the world around us today, we are surrounded by big questions without obvious answers. Perhaps by embracing a new way of thinking, by being truly open to other people who don't share our perspective, we might just be able to discover new solutions to the problems we are all facing. Thank you.

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